Oxygen delivery systems are vital in providing supplemental oxygen to individuals who have difficulty breathing or have low oxygen levels. There are various types of medical oxygen delivery systems available, each with its own distinctive features, benefits, and weaknesses.
In this discussion, we will talk about the different types of oxygen delivery systems specifically two commonly used oxygen delivery systems: masks and cannulas, as well as other less common types:
Masks
Masks are a widely used oxygen delivery system that covers the nose and mouth, delivering oxygen directly to the individual’s airway.
There are different types of masks available, including:
Simple Face Masks
This is a basic mask that covers the nose and mouth and is secured with an elastic strap. It delivers a moderate flow of oxygen, typically ranging from 5 to 10 litres per minute. The advantages of a simple face mask include its ease of use, ability to moisten the oxygen, and its ability to deliver higher oxygen concentrations.
Unfortunately, it may cause discomfort due to the mask’s size and may interfere with communication and eating.
Venturi Masks
A venturi mask is a high-flow oxygen delivery system that allows more precise control over the oxygen concentration. It contains a small port that allows air to mix with the oxygen, resulting in a specific oxygen concentration.
This type of mask is useful for individuals who require precise oxygen titration, such as those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). On the negative side, the venturi mask is bulky and less comfortable compared to other types of masks.
Cannulas
Cannulas are thin, flexible tubes that deliver oxygen directly into a patient’s nostrils. They are light in weight and comfortable, allowing individuals to still move freely while receiving oxygen. There are two main types of cannulas:
Nasal Cannulas
The nasal cannula is the most common and widely used oxygen delivery system. It consists of two small prongs that fit into the nostrils and are secured behind the ears with an elastic strap. Nasal cannulas deliver a low to moderate flow of oxygen, typically ranging from 1 to 6 litres per minute.
The advantages of nasal cannulas include their simplicity, comfort, and ability to allow individuals to eat, drink, and speak without removing the device. However, they may cause dryness and irritation in the nasal passages.
High-Flow Nasal Cannulas (HFNC)
The high-flow nasal cannula is a more advanced type cannula system that delivers a higher flow of oxygen, classically ranging from 20 to 60 litres per minute.
It provides humidified and heated oxygen, making it suitable for individuals with acute respiratory distress or those who require high concentrations of oxygen.
The HFNC offers better oxygenation and comfort compared to other systems but requires specialised equipment and monitoring.
Other Types of Oxygen Delivery Systems
Apart from masks and cannulas, there are some less-common types of oxygen delivery systems, including:
- Non-Rebreather Masks are masks with a reservoir bag attached, allowing higher concentrations of oxygen to be delivered. It has a one-way valve that prevents the exhaled air from being inhaled again, ensuring that the individual receives a higher oxygen concentration. This type is typically used in emergency situations or for short-term oxygen therapy.
- Transtracheal Oxygen Therapy (TTOT) involves the insertion of a small catheter directly into the trachea, bypassing the nose and mouth and delivers oxygen directly into the lower respiratory tract. TTOT is a more invasive approach and is usually reserved when a person requires long-term oxygen therapy.
Safety Concerns with Oxygen Delivery
When using any oxygen delivery system, it is important to follow proper safety precautions to ensure the well-being of the patient and prevent potential hazards. Some general safety concerns associated with oxygen therapy include:
- Oxygen supports combustion, so it is crucial to keep oxygen away from open flames, sparks, or flammable materials. Smoking should be strictly prohibited in areas where oxygen is being used.
- Adequate ventilation is necessary to prevent the accumulation of oxygen-enriched air, which can increase the risk of fire. Rooms should be well-ventilated, and oxygen concentrators should be placed in well-ventilated areas.
- Regular inspection and maintenance of oxygen delivery equipment, such as filters and tubing, are essential to ensure proper functioning and prevent leaks or malfunctions.
- It is important to monitor and adjust oxygen flow rates according to the patient’s needs. Oxygen levels that are too high or too low can have adverse effects on the body.
In conclusion, oxygen delivery systems, including masks, cannulas, and other devices, play a vital role in providing supplemental oxygen to individuals in need.
Each system has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of system depends on factors such as the patient’s condition, oxygen requirements, and comfort.
Safety concerns associated with oxygen therapy include fire hazards, proper ventilation, equipment maintenance, fall prevention, and ensuring appropriate oxygen levels. By following safety guidelines and working closely with healthcare professionals, however, patients can benefit from the safe use of oxygen delivery systems to improve their respiratory function and overall well-being.
